Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences Research

Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences ResearchABSTRACTIn Malaysia, the enterprisership cultivation is maturation steadily. The query of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The handed-d confess enterprisers typic tout ensembley start their note in crushed capital, low hold dear added, and it takes metre to set up the ph wiz line. In the raw day today, the engineering science was authentic in advance the earnings and reading conversation technologies (ICTs) be precise common to the public. The growing in engineering science makes the conventional entrepreneurs core into e-Entrepreneurship. This enquiry is a weigh on the preferences of the undergrads toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. This deal dismiss eitherow us to nourish a better understanding astir(pred icate) the choices of undergraduate in choosing to feign in entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship. undergraduate students volition lay out traditionally entrepreneurship representation or the forward-looking e-entrepreneurship mien to promote their products or services. Subsequently, this search objective is to wonder the de margininal figureinant of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The independent variables of the epitopes be didactics, introductory fellowship, encounter, presidential term regulations and incentives, social ne devilrk, availability of resources and chance identification. Questionnaire provide be distri only whened haphazardly to devil ascorbic acid and fifty respondents and the info leave be tested. antedateThis interrogation performing argona is the final project of my Bachelor of Degree in mul convictiondia sy straw University, Faculty of Business and Law. I spend ofttimes time and effort in comp allo wing this look for, and it go away be callful for the references of governance and non- political relation institution as their references to view into the undergraduate entrepreneurial intention toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The national of this research is the preferences of undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. In this research, the antigenic determinants of undergraduates to pick up in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship atomic number 18 withal situated and domiciliatevassd. The research consists of five chapters. The low gear chapter is for the introduction to the relevant yield and the objectives of the composition. Chapter twain is the literature freshen for the determinants of undergraduates on packment in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Follow by chapter three is the research methodology which included the theoretical frame mildew and the try method. While in the chapter four is the entropy digest for the impressions and discussion. The last chapter of this research is the conclusion and the summary for this whole battlefield as well as the recommendation and the limitation to the research for further studies. I would same to verbalize my sincere gratitude to my leading supervisor, Madam Rahayu binti Tasnim. Without her guidance and advises, I believe it is intemperate to existingised this research take a leakplace. I would in like manner ilk to thank to my family and my friends who be supporting me all the ways. Their endless cargons and loves do support me all the way in completing this research.Chapter 1IntroductionOverviewIn this chapter, it is an introduction sh be of the research. The introduction starts with the explanation of entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship among the undergraduates. Next, the problem statement and the research objectives volition be discussed and the last get d confess in this chapter is the signifi baset of the division, scop e of the domain and the presidency of the contract.Entrepreneurship among undergraduatesThe mortal or good deal who create and grow the st while clientele basis define as entrepreneurs. The entrepreneur term is derived in French stinting science since 17th and 18th, and it has very much significant meaning and rich history (Gregory, 2001). The record book entrepreneur comes from the French article which means to undertake, and in the cable side, entrepreneur means to start a subscriber line. According to Hebert and Link (1989), they say entrepreneur is some whizz who takes responsibility in making judgmental decision on the breach of resources to create a venture. The process of the entrepreneurs created and fall ined to make the take to be can define as entrepreneurship (Dabson, Brian and Marcoux, 2003).Different researchers convey the different patch of view toward the interpretation of entrepreneurship. Ucbasaran (2001) verbalize that the term of entrepr eneurship has no common veritable interpretation. OECD (1998) Praag (1999) Lumpkin and Dess (1996) Bull and Wilard (1993) support the argument of the term of entrepreneurship that does not hand over the normal accredited definition they argued the definition of entrepreneurship is largely depending on the research concentre on which argona.In the Austrian or Schumpeterian stintings, they define entrepreneurship as to lucre the expectation winnings by utilize the resources (Schumpeter 1934, Hayek 1945, Kirzner 1973, Casson 1982, Shane 2003). Entrepreneur can example the resources like funding advisory, low interest loan or brass support to speed their billet. Law and MacMillan (1998) define the entrepreneurship as the creation of modernistic enterprise which means the entrepreneurial intention is the source of a soul to start up their business sector. Entrepreneurship is also defined as the process of an item-by-item(a) who is innovative and able to take the risk t o create value (Sexton Kasarda, 1992).In Malaysia, the entrepreneurship victimisation is growing steadily. Malaysia regards in entrepreneurship since the fifteenth century when the kingdom of malacca cane was the trade centre due to its strategic geographer place. Many traders from China, India, Portugal, and sassy(prenominal)s ar climax to malacca and trade with opposite traders. There ar legion(predicate) another(prenominal) policies in Malaysia are supporting to the entrepreneurs, including funding, physical infrastructure and business advisory services. The authorities is performing an important role in entrepreneurship fellowship. There are galore(postnominal) institutions are serve welling to break out entrepreneurship, for instances, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), is counsel on entrepreneurship training, Ministry of Entrepreneur is organize all the matters regarding to the entrepreneurship, Bank Negara plays a role in financing, Small and metier Industries D evelopment Corporation (SMIDEC) responsible in organize the development of SMIs and others institutions.In the years of 90s, Malaysias governing turns the stinting strategy to industrialization due to the exchange in the politics policies. The industrialization also names as privatization and Malaysia Incorporated, which direct the development in entrepreneurship. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The entropy of the equity ratio of entrepreneurs shows the number of entrepreneurship in Malaysia has been change magnitude dramatically due to the transition to high- applied science and the New Development Policy (NDP) promoted by the government which was targeted to achieve fully development by the year 2020. The NDP was the stolon of the knowledge-intensive and high technologies era into t he entrepreneurial activities (Syahida Dr. Amran, 2005).In the previous times, the researchers view entrepreneurship is one of the important prospects toward the scotch society. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to encour board raft to be roaring by and by they had started up their own business (Praag et al., 2000). There are more factors that can determine the success of an entrepreneur.In the table above, we entrust appearance at the summarized of the determinants of triple-crown entrepreneurship, which arise from the literature, taken from van Praag (1999). The table shows the determinants that free radical from the classical views and also propose in the literature.In the mod-made times, entrepreneurial pedagogics becomes to a greater extent common and acceptable by the undergraduates in the tierce gentility. Entrepreneurship cultivation has to become an essential component to cut back the potential entrepreneurs in the private and public higher(prenominal)( prenominal) instruction institutions. Entrepreneurship education is the most telling way to promote the transition of graduates toward the ego-employment (Ismail et al., 2009). Hart and Harrison (1992) rent done an probe to the tendency of undergraduates in involvement to fly the coopment out their business in northerly Ireland, the research showed 47% of students were draw outed the intention to run their own business. The take of the high percent days of students would like to run their business is beca rehearse those undergraduates are considering tally own business or self-importance-employment as a occupational congregation (Karr, 1985).Krugeger et al. (2000) verbalize the entrepreneurial intent is in truth important beca enforce it is the primary predictor of prox entrepreneurial behavior, so it is an essential issue in entrepreneurship research to investigate the factors to determine the entrepreneurial intent. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) views planned behavior as the key for pre-start up process and the behavioral intent is the immediate determinant of planned behavior. Although many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) researchers say the entrepreneurial intention is the important issue to entrepreneurship, Wang and Wong (2004) verbalize in that respect is only a limited number on the studies closely the enchant factors for students entrepreneurial intention.EntrepreneurshipThe traditional entrepreneurs typically start their business in gloomy capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. The traditional entrepreneurs require to raise capital, find a location, deal with suppliers, man power problems and others to make out their business set up. In the modern day today, the technology was actual in advance the net profit and entropy conference technologies (ICTs) are objective common to the public. Technology serve oneselfs an entrepreneur to save time and capital during pre-start up process in e-business, e-Entrepreneur do not train to find a location for their store, not need to hire many employees and others. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs meet into e-Entrepreneurship (Cheng Chang, 2004).Today, as we know that the e-entrepreneurship is more and more important and useful the evidence of e-entrepreneurship development can be seen from the sure-fire entrepreneurs at western countries like join States. The favored examples of e-entrepreneurship in join States are Google.com, yahoo.com, amazon.com, eBay.com, YouTube, Face book and etc. Google.com is one of the successful stories about young adults who have the info communication and technology (ICT) knowledge gets to involve in e-entrepreneurship (Eduardo, 2006).The internet is a powerful tool which can garter the firm to solve the limitation on financial resources. Doing business online is much easier and cost saving if compare to traditional brick and mortal kind of business. Online business doe s not need so much man power to run the business, unlike the traditional business need to employ people like a cashier, promoter, storekeeper, cleaner, and so on. During the fresh years, the electronic schooling technologies have more and more supported the internal and external instruction and communication process in each industry sector. The internet is one of the advant boards of technologies, component the business development become more efficiency and usefulness (Kollmann, 2006).According to Matlay (2004), he discussed the term e-entrepreneurship is the wise companies establish their business in the Net prudence. The Net thriftiness has a Direct crook in innovative business development which is based on the electronic training and communication net civilise (e-ventures). The open up of learning via the electronic data or the ne twainrk is one of the factors to develop the growth of sparing. If we compare 15th century and 20th century, the speed and drill of e ntropy via the network are relatively high in the subsequently on century. The discipline society nowadays is characterized by the rigorous use of the information technologies and the changing from industrial to a knowledge society (Evans and Wurster, 1997). Kollmann (2006) oral sexed out that, the information industry sector is faultinging from the traditional frugal sectors like doing sector service sector and agri horti elaboration sector. The expansion of electronic data networks and the growth of IT formed a new business dimension which calls as network economy or Net Economy.The figure 1 shows the information technologies can let the people to catch information more accessibility. Entrepreneurs use the advantages of the information technologies to involve in e-commerce or commercial purposes. It is a agonistical advantage to an entrepreneur if he/she can admit more knowledge and information in technological development. Successful e-entrepreneurs shall posse better i nformation to the market and their customers (Weiber and Kollmann, 1998).Information technologies (IT) and networks are now be orgasm the important scene upon either industry and service sectors (Scott, 1995). witness is one of the most strategic resources in the new economy, doctors the traditional business to refresh their traditional practices. intimacy in IT takes advantage in dealing with new give awaynerships, innovation, social networks with customers, suppliers and help to detect the opportunities of new business in the proximo time (Malone and Laubacher, 1998). Bret and Champeaux (2000) state the cyber-entrepreneur mainly based on exploiting the networks by using the Internet technologies, intranets, and also the extranets.In the previous breeding done by the researchers, we can invest the characteristics of technology based entrepreneurs or e-entrepreneurs. Personal characteristics such as age and experience can influence entrepreneurs to make a decision on crea ting and ontogeny their businesses (Kisfalvi, 2003). Blais and Toulouse (1992) had done a research on the average age of e-entrepreneurs. They found out their age were rather young when they put their business, which were close to 30 years old. The young e-entrepreneurs are familiar with their skills and acquired extensive experience with the technology later they have graduated from a university, and they tend to emit their own business.Roure and Keeley (1990) discussed the entrepreneurs previous experience can become the advantages for them to success in new technology-based ventures. Compare with the traditional entrepreneurs, the e-entrepreneurs in internet base are younger and educated, especially in technical domains. The motivations of the entrepreneurs are potential for higher income, inherent desire to innovate, flexible racecourse(a) time and others (Colombo and Delmastro, 2001).Problem lineIn the other(prenominal) time, Malayan graduates seldom considered taking entrepreneurship as their line of exercise choice, it is because entrepreneurship is quiet not so commonplace and the graduates do not have much interest on it. However, according to the Salleh (2002) research, he observed that in the recent time, the number of graduates who are associated with entrepreneurship has been increased, hardly the figure is cool it be low, which is lower than 0.4 %.The Malayan government is encouraging graduates to involve in all entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship under the knowledge Economy Master Plan in the year 2000. There are advantages for the graduates to take part in self-employment because entrepreneurship whitethorn promote creative thinking, innovation and create new job opportunities. There are also many successful examples of the involvement of young adults in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. bingle of the successful stories in e-entrepreneurship is the founder of hayseed, Jerry Yang and his partner creates yahoo lat er on they were graduated from Stanford University. Pua-Khein-Seng, a Malaysian entrepreneur who is the founder of the USB flash fund pen drive also starts up his business when he was young. round undergraduates have their own ideas and indigence to start up their business afterward they finished their studies. They wishing to promote their products or services to the customers, but they can choose to promote in conventionally or in online business. Which suit of business is easier and beneficial to the undergraduates to choose for set up their own business? What are their preferences toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship?The government institutions are encouraging the undergraduate to be self-employed. They indispensableness to know what are the factors or determinants of undergraduates to join entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. What are the determinants of the undergraduate to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship? In the research later, we will f ind out which determinants consider the undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.Research ObjectivesThe General objective of this research is to rank the preferences among the undergraduates toward Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship. Next, the research will determine the correlation of the independent variables and dependent variables which are the determinants to the involvement of the undergraduates to entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.To nominate the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurshipTo determine the determinants of undergraduates to the involvement in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.Significant of studyEntrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship play an important role in contributing to the nation economic growth and crate job opportunities to the country. E-entrepreneurship is also becoming more popular and acceptable by the people, especially young adult in Malaysia.The Malaysian gover nment has taken a great effort in ontogenesis the entrepreneurship. Malaysian government provides tax incentives, business advisory, funding resources, loan, and others to the entrepreneurs in every sector, especially in SMEs and multimedia sectors. The purpose of the government to relegate incentives is to cling to younger entrepreneurs.The importance of this study is to explore the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Many researches are focalizationing in all entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship in the separate way but in this research, we will focus to the preferences of the undergraduate towards on both entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship together.Next, this research will study about the determinants impact on the involvement of undergraduates in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The determinants will affect each undergraduate to participate in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. We trust to post the importanc e of the determinants because it can be the relatively important guidelines or references to the government. The government can develop the suitable strategies and approaches after they identify the determinant for the undergraduates to involve in the sectors..Scope of studyThis study is conducted in peninsular Malaysia. The respondent in this research is restricted to the undergraduate students in Multimedia University, Malacca campus. Due to the time constraints, it is believed that the sample size of two atomic number 6 and fifty students is enough, the respondents are regardless to the age, gender, faculty, and major.The questionnaires will be distributed indiscriminately to the respondents to feel the primary data. The secondary data will be derived from the journals which prevailed from the online database such as Emerald, Google scholar, Springer link and others online sources. The questionnaires will be designed and tested in advance distribute to the respondents. The q uestionnaires will be collected from the respondent and able to take hold the information, alternatives, and opinions, which are related to the objectives in this study.Organization of studyThe system of this study comprises five chapters. The original chapter is the introduction part which will explain the definition of the result, entrepreneurship among the undergraduates and the e-entrepreneurship. Next, the problem statements, research objectives and the significant of the study will be discussed to give a brief explanation to the topic of this study. In the last part of this chapter will be included the scope of study and the organization of study.Chapter two starts with the literature review on the young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education. Subsequently, the entrepreneurship in a modern network economy will also be reviewed. Then, win by the literature review of the related variables to support this study. In this chapter, it includes all th e related empirical studies, articles, journals, citation to strengthen on the topic.In chapter three, the research methodology is discussed. The research framework is designed to show the relationship among independent and dependent variables. Subsequently, the Hypothesis development, try out plan, data collection method, questionnaires development, and data epitome methods are also discussed in this chapter.Chapter four is explaining the results of the data analysis by using the related chart, graph, bar and data. At the end of this chapter, this chapter will come out the discussion and interpretation of the data analysis regarding to the topic discussed.Chapter five is the conclusion and recommendation to this study. This chapter will conclude to the topic of this study and the recommendation to the findings. The limitations of this research will also discuss in this chapter.Chapter twoLITERATURE REVIEWIntroductionIn this literature review chapter, we will review to the previ ously done researches and journals. Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education and the entrepreneurship in the modern network economy will be reviewed. Subsequently, is the literature review of all the variables, which are, knowledge and antecedent experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and the probability identification.Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education.The changing nature of work suggests that young people whitethorn face the prospect of a portfolio career including periods of paid employment, non work and self-employment, of which the latter implies greater scope of entrepreneurial activity (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Nowadays, there are plenty of young adults or graduates would like to start up their own business. They are self-employment and do not want to work under other peopleIn particular, the entrepreneur is an innovator who introduces new products and technologies. The notion of entrepreneurship is associated with creative thinking and imagination, self-determination, and the abilities to make judgmental decisions and co-ordinate resources (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Young adults have their own creative thinking and innovation to promote their own products. They would like to earn money by start up a business to promote their ideas.Starting and in operation(p) a new business involves considerable risk and effort to worst obstacles. Education, (especially for 3rd education) and entrepreneurship are highly correlated (Frederick, 2007). Reynolds et al., (2001) and GEM reports showed the educational performance accounted for 40 percent of the cross-national variation in the total rate of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship education has been driven especially by academics, business draws, entrepreneurs themselves, and even the government officials are seeking the advantage in the globalised world (Achleitner, 2006).The en trepreneurship education is very common and popular in the western countries such as join Kingdom and united States. Various UK governments have championed the concept of an enterprise culture (Roger and Martyn, 2000). The Kauffman Foundation research shows that 90 percent of master and doctoral period-granting institutions in the United States now offer entrepreneurship subjects, and in most cases, many courses and layer options (Cone, 2007).There is also a research of entrepreneurship education done by Assumption University (Thailand), NCGE Southeast Asian Partner (2006), a study for the entrepreneurship education in South-East Asias higher education institutions (HEIs) there are Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The pursuit is one of the charts of the studyThe chart shows that Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in Malaysia still in the preliminary stage of the entrepreneurship development. According to Myrah Currie (2006), the entrepreneurship curriculum is still develop and lacks standards. University of Arizona (2004) shows that entrepreneurship education enhances a graduate ability to create wealth.A graduate who has entrepreneurship education has a greater chance to be a success entrepreneur compare to those who do not. Fayolle et al. (2006) showed that entrepreneurship education can have appointed effects depending on the students background and the initial location. For example, Menzies Paradi (2003) found that among the 15-years separate of engineering graduates, taking one or more courses in entrepreneurship was a strong predictor, and they will be reached to top management status in the later time. According to Lee Wong (2003), there is also a positive degree relationship exists mingled with ones attitude towards entrepreneurial education and business start-up with the anecdotic evidence, alumni and media reports to validate the relationship.There is research of An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship (Ingrid et al., 2001) s howed that the decision of an individual to become a self-employed focus on the personal factors, for instances, the psychological traits, formal education and other skills, the financial assets, family background and previous workings experience (Praag et al., 1989). There are also findings for the determinants of the entrepreneurship such as moolah opportunities and opportunities for entry and exit (Bosma et al., 1996). Macro perspectives are focused on the economic factors, like technological, economic, and cultural variables and also the government regulations (OECD, 1998 Noorderhave, et al., 2001).Entrepreneurship in a modern network economyAccording to Nijkamp and Poot (2008), the conventional comparative advantage perspective on regions is not sufficient anymore to explain the relative economic performance of regions in a global economy. The participation of ICT networks, education systems, and business culture are also important factors of comparative advantage on econom ic performance.There is a new phenomenon in the modern economies where the proceeds of interwoven global networks (Castells, 1996) allows the global interaction and communications. The global interaction and communication are a process through which market areas may check world-wide coverage, for instance, through the Internet.Entrepreneurship vs. e-Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship consist on the process of creating something new and assuming the risks and rewards, in contrast, e-Entrepreneurship will consist on creating owner business activity on the internet in some characterized in order to sell or able a service something only online, such as pickup subscription, cell phones, software, T-shirts, bags, shoes, and etc. (Eduardo, 2006).Educations, knowledge and prior experienceIn the recent decade, there is a growth in the educational programmes focus in entrepreneurship. The growth of entrepreneurship education has increased the amount of entrepreneurs. Many entrepreneurship programs are assist students learn about how to start a business and how to run a business (Deborah et al., 2002). At the end of 20th century, entrepreneurship programs continued to growth and strive legitimacy within the world of academics, undergraduate students have had been change magnitude opportunities to study topics related to the entrepreneurial career track (Deborah, throne Hovis, 2002).There is an investigating done to investigate the impact of education on the level of entrepreneurship of a country. The probe is done in the different level of education in the country, for example, primary school, secondary school and tertiary school. Reynolds, Hay and Camp (1999) cogitate that the larger a country invested in education programs in the tertiary education, the higher is the rate of the new business or firms to be formed..undergraduate students interested in entrepreneurship are regardless of their declared field of study. Students who study engineering and IT are also having the interested to start their own business, no matter they plan to practice a profession, become a attractor in a corporation, return to a family business or work in government, students see the value in learning what is taught in entrepreneurship classes (Deborah, fast one Hovis, 2002). The entrepreneurship education they learn while in their tertiary education will enable them to be flexible and agile in their future workplace.Reynolds et al., (1999) give tongue to that there are several reasons why the education is important to the entrepreneurship. The first reason is the education provides individual with a sense of autonomy, independence and self confidence, the second is education makes self-awareness, the people are aware of their career choices and the third base is education broadens the horizons of individuals. In summary, the education provides knowledge to the youngster to develop the entrepreneurial opportunities.Larry Penley, Dean of the college Busi ness at Arizona State University, noted the sound toward entrepreneurship across the curriculum in his address to the USASB-SBIDA conference in restrict 2000. He notified that Universitys entrepreneurship programs will help to build a stronger small business sector compare to those small business owners who have little or no formal business education.A rapid growth of the new companies and the highly publicized dot.com phenomenon marked an important change in the economic environment in the ascendent in mid 90s. The development of the technology such as internet has accelerated the internet-based business. The characters of internet-based business are expeditious start-up and low overhead make self-employment appear more accessible to increase the numbers of American, including those who were not specifically trained in business (Deborah, outhouse Hovis, 2002).Undergraduates are become more and more interested in learning about aspects of business start-up due to the successfu l example in the real business environment. For example, the two founders of hayseed, Jerry Yang 26 years old and his friend, David Filo, 28 years were graduated from Stanford University of United State. They build or create chawbacon from their hobby of responding to the persistent challenge to breakthrough in simplifying the use of internet. Yahoo began as a student hobby and evolved into a global tell on that has changed the way people communicate with each other, find and access information and purchase things. Today the Yahoo Inc. is a leading global internet communication, commerce and Media Company, which also provides online business and enterprise services to the users (Yahoo, 2009).Besides education is related to the intention to involve in entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship, the knowledge is also playing an important role in cultivating the Entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship. Braunerhjelm Lundblad (2007) pointed that knowledge is an externally factors for en trepreneurship. In the historic times, the economic variables of knowledge, entreprEntrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences ResearchEntrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship Preferences ResearchABSTRACTIn Malaysia, the entrepreneurship development is growing steadily. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows the equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The traditional entrepreneurs typically start their business in small capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. In the modern day today, the technology was developed in advance the internet and information communication technologies (ICTs) are very common to the public. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship. This research is a study on the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepre neurship. This study can let us to have a better understanding about the choices of undergraduate in choosing to involve in entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship. Undergraduate students will use traditionally entrepreneurship way or the modern e-entrepreneurship way to promote their products or services. Subsequently, this research objective is to investigate the determinant of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The independent variables of the determinants are education, prior knowledge, experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and opportunity identification. Questionnaire will be distributed randomly to two hundred and fifty respondents and the data will be tested. bring inThis research study is the final project of my Bachelor of Degree in Multimedia University, Faculty of Business and Law. I spend much time and effort in completing this research, and it will be useful for the references of gover nment and non-government institution as their references to view into the undergraduate entrepreneurial intention toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The topic of this research is the preferences of undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. In this research, the determinants of undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship are also located and investigated. The research consists of five chapters. The first chapter is for the introduction to the relevant topic and the objectives of the study. Chapter two is the literature review for the determinants of undergraduates on involvement in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Follow by chapter three is the research methodology which included the theoretical framework and the sampling method. While in the chapter four is the data analysis for the results and discussion. The last chapter of this research is the conclusion and the summary for this whole study as well as the recomme ndation and the limitation to the research for further studies. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my leading supervisor, Madam Rahayu binti Tasnim. Without her guidance and advises, I believe it is voiceless to complete this research study. I would also like to thank to my family and my friends who are supporting me all the ways. Their endless cares and loves do support me all the way in completing this research.Chapter 1IntroductionOverviewIn this chapter, it is an introduction part of the research. The introduction starts with the explanation of entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship among the undergraduates. Next, the problem statement and the research objectives will be discussed and the last part in this chapter is the significant of the study, scope of the study and the organization of the study.Entrepreneurship among undergraduatesThe individual or people who create and grow the business can define as entrepreneurs. The entrepreneur term is derived in French economics since 17th and 18th, and it has much significant meaning and rich history (Gregory, 2001). The word entrepreneur comes from the French word which means to undertake, and in the business perspective, entrepreneur means to start a business. According to Hebert and Link (1989), they say entrepreneur is someone who takes responsibility in making judgmental decision on the use of resources to create a venture. The process of the entrepreneurs created and developed to make the gather can define as entrepreneurship (Dabson, Brian and Marcoux, 2003).Different researchers have the different point of view toward the definition of entrepreneurship. Ucbasaran (2001) give tongue to that the term of entrepreneurship has no general accepted definition. OECD (1998) Praag (1999) Lumpkin and Dess (1996) Bull and Wilard (1993) support the argument of the term of entrepreneurship that does not have the general accepted definition they argued the definition of entrepreneurship is largely dep ending on the research focus on which area.In the Austrian or Schumpeterian economics, they define entrepreneurship as to educe the expectation profit by utilize the resources (Schumpeter 1934, Hayek 1945, Kirzner 1973, Casson 1982, Shane 2003). Entrepreneur can use the resources like funding advisory, low interest loan or government support to run their business. Law and MacMillan (1998) define the entrepreneurship as the creation of new enterprise which means the entrepreneurial intention is the source of a person to start up their business. Entrepreneurship is also defined as the process of an individual who is innovative and able to take the risk to create value (Sexton Kasarda, 1992).In Malaysia, the entrepreneurship development is growing steadily. Malaysia involves in entrepreneurship since the fifteenth century when the kingdom of Malacca was the trade centre due to its strategic geographer place. Many traders from China, India, Portugal, and others are coming to Malacca a nd trade with other traders. There are many policies in Malaysia are supporting to the entrepreneurs, including funding, physical infrastructure and business advisory services. The government is playing an important role in entrepreneurship development. There are many institutions are helping to develop entrepreneurship, for instances, Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), is focusing on entrepreneurship training, Ministry of Entrepreneur is coordinating all the matters regarding to the entrepreneurship, Bank Negara plays a role in financing, Small and mass medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC) responsible in coordinating the development of SMIs and others institutions.In the years of 90s, Malaysias government turns the economic strategy to industrialization due to the shift in the government policies. The industrialization also names as privatization and Malaysia Incorporated, which cultivate the development in entrepreneurship. The research of Howell and Palmer (1995) shows t he equity ratio for Bumiputeras in 1971 had changed from 4 per cent to 18 per cent, and the equity ratio for non Bumiputeras, is from 34 percent in 1971 changed to 55 per cent. The data of the equity ratio of entrepreneurs shows the number of entrepreneurship in Malaysia has been change magnitude dramatically due to the transition to high-technology and the New Development Policy (NDP) promoted by the government which was targeted to achieve fully development by the year 2020. The NDP was the beginning of the knowledge-intensive and high technologies era into the entrepreneurial activities (Syahida Dr. Amran, 2005).In the previous times, the researchers view entrepreneurship is one of the important aspects toward the economic society. The purpose of entrepreneurship is to encourage people to be successful after they had started up their own business (Praag et al., 2000). There are many factors that can determine the success of an entrepreneur.In the table above, we will get wind at the summarized of the determinants of successful entrepreneurship, which arise from the literature, taken from van Praag (1999). The table shows the determinants that stem from the classical views and also propose in the literature.In the recent times, entrepreneurial education becomes more popular and acceptable by the undergraduates in the tertiary education. Entrepreneurship education has to become an essential component to cultivate the potential entrepreneurs in the private and public higher learning institutions. Entrepreneurship education is the most effective way to promote the transition of graduates toward the self-employment (Ismail et al., 2009). Hart and Harrison (1992) have done an investigating to the tendency of undergraduates in involvement to run their business in Federal Ireland, the research showed 47% of students were expressed the intention to run their own business. The result of the high percentage of students would like to run their business is because those undergraduates are considering running own business or self-employment as a career (Karr, 1985).Krugeger et al. (2000) said the entrepreneurial intent is very important because it is the primary predictor of future entrepreneurial behavior, so it is an essential issue in entrepreneurship research to investigate the factors to determine the entrepreneurial intent. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) views planned behavior as the key for pre-start up process and the behavioral intent is the immediate determinant of planned behavior. Although many researchers say the entrepreneurial intention is the important issue to entrepreneurship, Wang and Wong (2004) said there is only a limited number on the studies about the influence factors for students entrepreneurial intention.EntrepreneurshipThe traditional entrepreneurs typically start their business in small capital, low value added, and it takes time to set up the business. The traditional entrepreneurs need to raise capital, find a locatio n, deal with suppliers, man power problems and others to complete their business set up. In the modern day today, the technology was developed in advance the internet and information communication technologies (ICTs) are very common to the public. Technology helps an entrepreneur to save time and capital during pre-start up process in e-business, e-Entrepreneur do not need to find a location for their store, not need to hire many employees and others. The growing in technology makes the traditional entrepreneurs join into e-Entrepreneurship (Cheng Chang, 2004).Today, as we know that the e-entrepreneurship is more and more important and useful the evidence of e-entrepreneurship development can be seen from the successful entrepreneurs at western countries like United States. The successful examples of e-entrepreneurship in United States are Google.com, yahoo.com, amazon.com, eBay.com, YouTube, Face book and etc. Google.com is one of the successful stories about young adults who have the information communication and technology (ICT) knowledge gets to involve in e-entrepreneurship (Eduardo, 2006).The internet is a powerful tool which can help the firm to solve the limitation on financial resources. Doing business online is much easier and cost saving if compare to traditional brick and mortal kind of business. Online business does not need so much man power to run the business, unlike the traditional business need to employ people like a cashier, promoter, storekeeper, cleaner, and so on. During the recent years, the electronic information technologies have increasingly supported the internal and external information and communication process in every industry sector. The internet is one of the advantages of technologies, helping the business development become more efficiency and effectiveness (Kollmann, 2006).According to Matlay (2004), he discussed the term e-entrepreneurship is the new companies establish their business in the Net Economy. The Net Economy h as a Direct influence in innovative business development which is based on the electronic information and communication network (e-ventures). The beam of information via the electronic data or the network is one of the factors to develop the growth of economic. If we compare 15th century and 20th century, the speed and use of goods and services of information via the network are relatively high in the later century. The information society nowadays is characterized by the rigorous use of the information technologies and the changing from industrial to a knowledge society (Evans and Wurster, 1997). Kollmann (2006) pointed out that, the information industry sector is shifting from the traditional economic sectors like action sector service sector and agriculture sector. The expansion of electronic data networks and the growth of IT formed a new business dimension which calls as network economy or Net Economy.The figure 1 shows the information technologies can let the people to obta in information more accessibility. Entrepreneurs use the advantages of the information technologies to involve in e-commerce or commercial purposes. It is a private-enterprise(a) advantage to an entrepreneur if he/she can obtain more knowledge and information in technological development. Successful e-entrepreneurs shall posse better information to the market and their customers (Weiber and Kollmann, 1998).Information technologies (IT) and networks are now becoming the important aspect upon every industry and service sectors (Scott, 1995). Knowledge is one of the most strategic resources in the new economy, affects the traditional business to review their traditional practices. Knowledge in IT takes advantage in dealing with new partnerships, innovation, social networks with customers, suppliers and help to detect the opportunities of new business in the future time (Malone and Laubacher, 1998). Bret and Champeaux (2000) said the cyber-entrepreneur mainly based on exploiting the ne tworks by using the Internet technologies, intranets, and also the extranets.In the previous study done by the researchers, we can identify the characteristics of technology based entrepreneurs or e-entrepreneurs. Personal characteristics such as age and experience can influence entrepreneurs to make a decision on creating and developing their businesses (Kisfalvi, 2003). Blais and Toulouse (1992) had done a research on the average age of e-entrepreneurs. They found out their age were rather young when they launch their business, which were somewhat 30 years old. The young e-entrepreneurs are familiar with their skills and acquired extensive experience with the technology after they have graduated from a university, and they tend to launch their own business.Roure and Keeley (1990) discussed the entrepreneurs previous experience can become the advantages for them to success in new technology-based ventures. Compare with the traditional entrepreneurs, the e-entrepreneurs in internet base are younger and educated, especially in technical domains. The motivations of the entrepreneurs are potential for higher income, inherent desire to innovate, flexible working time and others (Colombo and Delmastro, 2001).Problem recitalIn the past time, Malaysian graduates seldom considered taking entrepreneurship as their career choice, it is because entrepreneurship is still not so popular and the graduates do not have much interest on it. However, according to the Salleh (2002) research, he observed that in the recent time, the number of graduates who are associated with entrepreneurship has been increased, but the figure is still rest low, which is lower than 0.4 %.The Malaysian government is encouraging graduates to involve in either entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship under the knowledge Economy Master Plan in the year 2000. There are advantages for the graduates to take part in self-employment because entrepreneurship may promote creative thinking, innovation and c reate new job opportunities. There are also many successful examples of the involvement of young adults in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. wizard of the successful stories in e-entrepreneurship is the founder of Yahoo, Jerry Yang and his partner creates Yahoo after they were graduated from Stanford University. Pua-Khein-Seng, a Malaysian entrepreneur who is the founder of the USB flash retrospection pen drive also starts up his business when he was young. or so undergraduates have their own ideas and want to start up their business after they finished their studies. They want to promote their products or services to the customers, but they can choose to promote in conventionally or in online business. Which showcase of business is easier and beneficial to the undergraduates to choose for set up their own business? What are their preferences toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship?The government institutions are encouraging the undergraduate to be self-employed. Th ey want to know what are the factors or determinants of undergraduates to join entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. What are the determinants of the undergraduate to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship? In the research later, we will find out which determinants affect the undergraduates to involve in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.Research ObjectivesThe General objective of this research is to identify the preferences among the undergraduates toward Entrepreneurship and e-Entrepreneurship. Next, the research will determine the correlation of the independent variables and dependent variables which are the determinants to the involvement of the undergraduates to entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.To identify the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurshipTo determine the determinants of undergraduates to the involvement in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship.Significant of studyEntrepreneurship and e-entrepreneu rship play an important role in contributing to the nation economic growth and crate job opportunities to the country. E-entrepreneurship is also becoming more popular and acceptable by the people, especially young adult in Malaysia.The Malaysian government has taken a great effort in developing the entrepreneurship. Malaysian government provides tax incentives, business advisory, funding resources, loan, and others to the entrepreneurs in every sector, especially in SMEs and Multimedia sectors. The purpose of the government to give incentives is to advance younger entrepreneurs.The importance of this study is to explore the preferences of the undergraduates toward entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. Many researches are focusing in either entrepreneurship or e-entrepreneurship in the separate way but in this research, we will focus to the preferences of the undergraduate towards on both entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship together.Next, this research will study about the d eterminants impact on the involvement of undergraduates in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. The determinants will affect each undergraduate to participate in entrepreneurship and e-entrepreneurship. We want to identify the importance of the determinants because it can be the relatively important guidelines or references to the government. The government can develop the suitable strategies and approaches after they identify the determinant for the undergraduates to involve in the sectors..Scope of studyThis study is conducted in peninsular Malaysia. The respondent in this research is restricted to the undergraduate students in Multimedia University, Malacca campus. Due to the time constraints, it is believed that the sample size of two hundred and fifty students is enough, the respondents are regardless to the age, gender, faculty, and major.The questionnaires will be distributed randomly to the respondents to obtain the primary data. The secondary data will be derived from t he journals which obtained from the online database such as Emerald, Google scholar, Springer link and others online sources. The questionnaires will be designed and tested to begin with distribute to the respondents. The questionnaires will be collected from the respondent and able to obtain the information, alternatives, and opinions, which are related to the objectives in this study.Organization of studyThe organization of this study comprises five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction part which will explain the definition of the topic, entrepreneurship among the undergraduates and the e-entrepreneurship. Next, the problem statements, research objectives and the significant of the study will be discussed to give a brief explanation to the topic of this study. In the last part of this chapter will be included the scope of study and the organization of study.Chapter two starts with the literature review on the young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneursh ip education. Subsequently, the entrepreneurship in a modern network economy will also be reviewed. Then, watch by the literature review of the related variables to support this study. In this chapter, it includes all the related empirical studies, articles, journals, citation to strengthen on the topic.In chapter three, the research methodology is discussed. The research framework is designed to show the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Subsequently, the Hypothesis development, sampling plan, data collection method, questionnaires development, and data analysis methods are also discussed in this chapter.Chapter four is explaining the results of the data analysis by using the related chart, graph, bar and data. At the end of this chapter, this chapter will come out the discussion and interpretation of the data analysis regarding to the topic discussed.Chapter five is the conclusion and recommendation to this study. This chapter will conclude to the topic of this study and the recommendation to the findings. The limitations of this research will also discuss in this chapter.Chapter bothLITERATURE REVIEWIntroductionIn this literature review chapter, we will review to the previously done researches and journals. Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education and the entrepreneurship in the modern network economy will be reviewed. Subsequently, is the literature review of all the variables, which are, knowledge and prior experience, government regulations and incentives, social network, availability of resources and the opportunity identification.Young adults attitude to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education.The changing nature of work suggests that young people may face the prospect of a portfolio career including periods of paid employment, non work and self-employment, of which the latter implies greater scope of entrepreneurial activity (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Nowadays, there are plenty of young adults or graduates would like to start up their own business. They are self-employment and do not want to work under other peopleIn particular, the entrepreneur is an innovator who introduces new products and technologies. The notion of entrepreneurship is associated with creativity and imagination, self-determination, and the abilities to make judgmental decisions and co-ordinate resources (Roger and Martyn, 2000). Young adults have their own creativity and innovation to promote their own products. They would like to earn money by start up a business to promote their ideas.Starting and in operation(p) a new business involves considerable risk and effort to pass obstacles. Education, (especially for tertiary education) and entrepreneurship are highly correlated (Frederick, 2007). Reynolds et al., (2001) and GEM reports showed the educational achievement accounted for 40 percent of the cross-national variation in the total rate of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship educati on has been driven especially by academics, business leaders, entrepreneurs themselves, and even the government officials are seeking the advantage in the globalised world (Achleitner, 2006).The entrepreneurship education is very common and popular in the western countries such as United Kingdom and United States. Various UK governments have championed the concept of an enterprise culture (Roger and Martyn, 2000). The Kauffman Foundation research shows that 90 percent of master and doctoral degree-granting institutions in the United States now offer entrepreneurship subjects, and in most cases, many courses and degree options (Cone, 2007).There is also a research of entrepreneurship education done by Assumption University (Thailand), NCGE Southeast Asian Partner (2006), a study for the entrepreneurship education in South-East Asias higher education institutions (HEIs) there are Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The future(a) is one of the charts of the studyThe chart shows that Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in Malaysia still in the preliminary stage of the entrepreneurship development. According to Myrah Currie (2006), the entrepreneurship curriculum is still develop and lacks standards. University of Arizona (2004) shows that entrepreneurship education enhances a graduate ability to create wealth.A graduate who has entrepreneurship education has a greater chance to be a success entrepreneur compare to those who do not. Fayolle et al. (2006) showed that entrepreneurship education can have positive effects depending on the students background and the initial perspective. For example, Menzies Paradi (2003) found that among the 15-years group of engineering graduates, taking one or more courses in entrepreneurship was a strong predictor, and they will be reached to top management status in the later time. According to Lee Wong (2003), there is also a positive relationship exists between ones attitude towards entrepreneurial education and busin ess start-up with the anecdotical evidence, alumni and media reports to validate the relationship.There is research of An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship (Ingrid et al., 2001) showed that the decision of an individual to become a self-employed focus on the personal factors, for instances, the psychological traits, formal education and other skills, the financial assets, family background and previous working experience (Praag et al., 1989). There are also findings for the determinants of the entrepreneurship such as profit opportunities and opportunities for entry and exit (Bosma et al., 1996). Macro perspectives are focused on the economic factors, like technological, economic, and cultural variables and also the government regulations (OECD, 1998 Noorderhave, et al., 2001).Entrepreneurship in a modern network economyAccording to Nijkamp and Poot (2008), the conventional comparative advantage perspective on regions is not sufficient anymore to explain the relative economic per formance of regions in a global economy. The participation of ICT networks, education systems, and business culture are also important factors of comparative advantage on economic performance.There is a new phenomenon in the modern economies where the topic of interwoven global networks (Castells, 1996) allows the global interaction and communications. The global interaction and communication are a process through which market areas may obtain world-wide coverage, for instance, through the Internet.Entrepreneurship vs. e-Entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship consist on the process of creating something new and assuming the risks and rewards, in contrast, e-Entrepreneurship will consist on creating owner business activity on the internet in some characterized in order to sell or able a service something only online, such as cartridge clip subscription, cell phones, software, T-shirts, bags, shoes, and etc. (Eduardo, 2006).Educations, knowledge and prior experienceIn the recent decade, there is a growth in the educational programmes focusing in entrepreneurship. The growth of entrepreneurship education has increased the amount of entrepreneurs. Many entrepreneurship programs are helping students learn about how to start a business and how to run a business (Deborah et al., 2002). At the end of 20th century, entrepreneurship programs continued to growth and pass legitimacy within the world of academics, undergraduate students have had been increasing opportunities to study topics related to the entrepreneurial career track (Deborah, nates Hovis, 2002).There is an investigation done to investigate the impact of education on the level of entrepreneurship of a country. The investigation is done in the different level of education in the country, for example, primary school, secondary school and tertiary school. Reynolds, Hay and Camp (1999) conclude that the larger a country invested in education programs in the tertiary education, the higher is the rate of the n ew business or firms to be formed..Undergraduate students interested in entrepreneurship are regardless of their declared field of study. Students who study engineering and IT are also having the interested to start their own business, no matter they plan to practice a profession, become a leader in a corporation, return to a family business or work in government, students see the value in learning what is taught in entrepreneurship classes (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002). The entrepreneurship education they learn while in their tertiary education will enable them to be flexible and agile in their future workplace.Reynolds et al., (1999) said that there are several reasons why the education is important to the entrepreneurship. The first reason is the education provides individual with a sense of autonomy, independence and self confidence, the second is education makes self-awareness, the people are aware of their career choices and the third is education broadens the horizons of indiv iduals. In summary, the education provides knowledge to the youngster to develop the entrepreneurial opportunities.Larry Penley, Dean of the college Business at Arizona State University, noted the move toward entrepreneurship across the curriculum in his address to the USASB-SBIDA conference in skip over 2000. He notified that Universitys entrepreneurship programs will help to build a stronger small business sector compare to those small business owners who have little or no formal business education.A rapid growth of the new companies and the highly publicized dot.com phenomenon marked an important change in the economic environment in the beginning in mid 90s. The development of the technology such as internet has accelerated the internet-based business. The characters of internet-based business are degenerate start-up and low overhead make self-employment appear more accessible to increasing the numbers of American, including those who were not specifically trained in business (Deborah, John Hovis, 2002).Undergraduates are become more and more interested in learning about aspects of business start-up due to the successful example in the real business environment. For example, the two founders of Yahoo, Jerry Yang 26 years old and his friend, David Filo, 28 years were graduated from Stanford University of United State. They build or create Yahoo from their hobby of responding to the persistent challenge to breakthrough in simplifying the use of internet. Yahoo began as a student hobby and evolved into a global betray that has changed the way people communicate with each other, find and access information and purchase things. Today the Yahoo Inc. is a leading global internet communication, commerce and Media Company, which also provides online business and enterprise services to the users (Yahoo, 2009).Besides education is related to the intention to involve in entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship, the knowledge is also playing an important role in cul tivating the Entrepreneurship and E-entrepreneurship. Braunerhjelm Lundblad (2007) pointed that knowledge is an externally factors for entrepreneurship. In the past times, the economic variables of knowledge, entrepr