Alternative Fuels: The industrial gas turbine

Investigation of alternative beds for industrial shove along turbines Tamal Bhattacharjee, Paul Nihill, Cormac Bulfin, Ishank Arora limit 1. Abstract4 2. Introduction4 3. Hydrogen5 3. 1 performance5 3. 1. 1Steam Reforming of Hydro nose sessdy copys5 3. 1. 2 piddle Splitting5 3. 1. 3 mishandleification of Waste & Bio majority to generate syn bollocks up6 3. 1. 4The mathematical process7 3. 1. 5Application to industrial fuck up turbines8 4. wood alcohol9 4. 1Abstract9 4. 2Introduction9 4. 3History10 4. 4Manu concomitanturing Process10 4. 4. 1 merchandise of wood alcohol from synthetic thinking bobble10 4. Industrial Process11 4. 5. 1STEP-1 Feed Production11 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Reforming11 4. 5. 3STEP-3 wood spirit Synthesis12 4. 5. 4STEP-4 wood spirit Purification12 4. 6How it install on a accelerator turbine12 4. 7Feasibility15 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages16 4. 9Conclusion17 5. top executive Alcohol17 5. 1Introduction17 5. 2Chemistry18 5. 3Production18 5. 3. 1 ethy l alcohol from net income rou take18 5. 3. 2Fermentation18 5. 3. 3 distillment19 5. 3. 4Fractional Distillation19 5. 4 business pollution21 5. 5Advantages23 5. 6Disadvantages23 6. References24 1. AbstractThe industrial bollix turbine is a key part of modern voltaicity propagation. In 1998 15% of electric occasionfulness was produced by shoot a line turbines. Due to their cogency, compactness, dependableness and congenatorly base seat of goernment cost 81% of unseasoned electric place demand get out be met by industrial heavy weapon turbines. Gas turbines must meet very strict nighttime CO and CO2 regulations. (GL Juste 2006). As the popularity of vaunt turbines and combined raise up and power times plants increases research has turned to cheaper and more environmentally friendly provokes for gun for hire turbines.Methane C2H4 is the principal(prenominal) fogey terminate employd in throttle turbines today more over with increase regulations on nose candy emissions combined with the increasing cost of fossil kindles, research is turning to alternative fuels which may power rude(a) spatter turbines into the future. This literary works review explores potential swimming and fuck up alternative fuels for industrial mishandle turbines along with few of the latest research in the atomic number 18a and several(prenominal) examples of the successful industrial applications. 2. IntroductionThe increasing cost of fossil fuels, the fact that they argon a finite resource and the environmental effects of their sunburn at the stake manner that research into alternative fuels is one of the Brobdingnagianst and most varied t heating arrangingre of operationss of scientific investigating in progress today. As with all scientific research, around go out be successful and form the basis of future null turnout and approximately will be either too inefficient or impractical to be implemented in industry. It is interesting to note that some of the fixtureitys which seemed impractical even 10 years ago ar straightaway being introduced owing to the increasing cost of fossil fuels. give notices derived from biomass and vauntification of sewage sludge and municipal waste and some methods of total heat fuel dedicate egress to hold the most scream. Different global susceptibility scenario studies indicate that in India biomass may contribute much more up to 30% of the vital force add together by 2 blow (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Gas turbines and combined heat and power (CHP) formations be at the forefront of future European strategies on push production with current efficiencies for combined cycle facilities supra 60%. The of import CHP targets are the reduction of the overall costs and the development of above 40 kW biomass-fired systems..Gas turbines enjoy certain merits relative to steamer turbines and diesel railway locomotives. They countenance high grade waste heat, pitifuler weight per un it power, treble fuel capability, natural depression maintenance cost, low vibration levels, low capital cost, compact size, short delivery cartridge clip, high flexibility and reliability, fast startle time, frown manpower, and have breach environmental performance. (P. A. Pilavachi et al 2000) This project focuses on alternative fuels as use to industrial gas turbines owing to their intercommunicate increase in popularity in the short to medium term at least. 3. Hydrogen 3. 1Production 3. 1. Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons The bulk of heat content fuel production is shortly via steam reforming of essential gas this process involves the reaction of inwrought gas or crystal clear hydrocarbons with high temperature steam to produce varying amount of moneys of CO and H2. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons does not eliminate CO2 but it greatly reduces the amount which is discharged into the atmosphere. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons is an efficient way of reducing CO2 emissi ons. In addition to the H2 produced during gasification a low temperature gas push reaction with the stay carbon monoxide whoremonger produce besides H2.The process of steam reforming natural gas along with the gas shift reaction are governed by the chemical equations on a lower floor. (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) Steam Reforming CH4 + pee CO + 3H2 ? H = +251 kJ/ jetty Gas Shift CO + piss CO2 +H2 ? H= -42 kJ/ seawall (K. K. Gupta et al 2010) The release of CO2 discount be tout ensemble eliminated in a large plant where the CO2 is captured and injected into an vegetable oil or gas reservoir. It is before long disputed between scientists whether or not the production of H2 in this way releases more CO2 than at present burning fossil fuels. 3. 1. 2Water Splitting there is shortly a peck of research concerning the splitting of pee to produce H2. This method is yet to find industrial application as it takes a lot of energy to split water and the still sustainable method is th e use of renewable technologies to provide the energy. The heat content is more likely to be employ as a storage medium when the power generated by renewable technologies is not ask. An example of this would be the storage of power from a intertwine turbine during the day. There is a lot of very interesting research into water-splitting with galore(postnominal) an another(prenominal)(prenominal) methods being explored simultaneously.Thermo chemical water splitting victimisation solar power is an interesting option. Direct thermal water splitting is impractical referable to the energy requirements to heat the water to 25000K. But if the water is reacted with metal oxides and oxidoreduction materials it can be achieved at a much lower temperature. The atomic number 8 and total heat are released at different distributor mensess eliminating the need for separation. This process can be conducted in a cycle that produces H2 more efficiently from solar radiation. 3. 1. 3Gasi fication of Waste & Biomass to produce syngasA Practical Example of waste to energy conversion is the Pyromex waste to energy facility in Germany. The Pyromex system is currently being apply successfully to gasify industrial waste in a purpose built plant in Munich Germany. Due to the fact in that respect are no gaseous emissions from the system thither is no need for the construction of smoke stacks and the system is considered separate to incineration by EU authorities. Emissions from the plant are in the form of solid back like ironic waste. The waste war paint is tabulated below and shows how far below allowable limits the process is.The raw material in the process is other than unrecyclable waste products and the system can treat sewage sludge, plastics, fly ash tree from power plants and mingled other waste products. The system has the potential to be a major contributor to the Hydrogen Economy. The prototype plant working(a) on a throughput of 25 ton/day had the pot ential to produce approximately 2150 kWh by a combined heat to electricity and syngas engine generator system. If employ in combination with an industrial gas turbine there is no doubt that owing to the greater efficiency this power payoff could be improved.Fig. 1 Exhaust gas emissions (Pyromex) 3. 1. 4The process The material to be gasified is introduced into the slowly turning reactor through a twain coiffure tank system. With this gravelup an oxygen free environment can be ensured inside the reactor pipe, where the conversion of the organics to syngas takes place at over vitamin C0C. The produced gas is indeed cleaned with a ingenuous acid and an basic scrubber. Even though the temperatures within the reactor are far above 1000C, the surface remains cool enough to be affected by hand.The PYROMEX gasification is a closed circuit process and therefore no emissions are released into the environment. The process flow chart below gives a better understanding of the workings of the plant. This process can be slowly scaled. And there are numerous plants completed and in the process of construction in Germany and the U. S. Fig. 2 Gasification process of producing syngas from waste & biomass (Pyromex) 3. 1. 5Application to industrial gas turbines in one case the henry has been produced it can be mixed with carbon monoxide which can as well be produced efficiently using solar power.This syngas can be use in an Industrial gas turbine with some modifications to the fuel nozzle system and careful bid of the fuel air ratio to produce electricity. In the case of liquid fuel turbines the total heat can be born-again to various hydrocarbons using the Fischer-Tropsch process. The use of hydrogen in a gas turbine is a relatively new concept with the use of high hydrogen content syngas becoming an attractive area for research. Unfortunately the use of hydrogen rich gas in a conventional gas turbine involves some tweaks to the ystem. The natural gas lean-pre mixed combustors have to undergo some modifications if fed with hydrogen rich fuels due to the combined effect of hydrogen shorter auto-ignition gibe and instantaneous flame speed. (Paulo Gobbato et al 2010) One of the routes with the highest potential is the pre conflagration route utilizing ember in an integrated gasification and combine cycle (IGCC). The challenge in utilizing hydrogen rich fuel is principally associated with its reduced auto-ignition delay time, which can be addressed in one of three approaches 1.De-rating the engine allowing the identical(p) conflate time by increasing the auto-ignition delay time through fastening the characteristics of the vitiated air (i. e. the inlet temperature of the flow to the SEV). 2. Decreasing the reactivity of the fuel i. e. by dilution with an inert gas. 3. Modifying the hardware either to reduce the mixer residence time in line with the reduced auto ignition delay time or develop a concept which is slight influenced by the reactivity of the fuel. (Nils Erland et al 2012) 4. M ethyl alcohol 4. 1Abstract 5.When wood alcohol is intended to be utilize as fuel for gas turbine, it is very important to enhance overall thermal efficiency of the gas turbine system, and to direct it competitive with conventional oil or gas fuels. There are many ways to follow out this. Combined cycle is not, however, a proper way, as this could also be applied to conventional fuel. Noting the unique characteristic of methyl alcohol, the steam reforming regenerative cycle was investigated by many institutions. In this scheme, wasted heat of the gas turbine exhaust gas is transferred to reformed gas.And it is recycled back to the gas turbine as a part of fuel, so resulting in increased overall efficiency of the gas turbine. Thermal depravity of m neutral spirits is also an endothermic reaction and may be applied to the regenerative cycle. In either case, however, only a part of the waste heat is recovered. Hence the hybr id system with combined cycle was proposed to achieve excess heat recovery. But this is a complex system. 4. 2Introduction 6. M ethyl alcohol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH. . 8. Fig. 3 chemic formulation of M ethanol 9. wood alcohol can be used as alternative fuel in gas turbine. Methanol is made from natural gas, coal, and biomass. This was one of the older alternative fuels. akin Ethanol, Methanol is very good for blending with flatulence to replace the noisome octane enhancers. The benefits of using Methanol are that it reduces emissions, which has a significant effect on bettering the environment. Methanol can easily be blended with natural gas. It also has a lower risk of flammability than normal gasoline.Another benefit of Methanol is that it is made from domestically renewable sources. Methanol can also be used to make the octane enhancer MTBE. Another huge possible benefit of Methanol is that it can be made into hydrogen. 10. 4. 3History 11. Methanol has been well-tried as a gas turbine fuel in the U. S. In 1974, a 12-hour test was conducted by Turbo Power and Marine in a 20 MW gas turbine at the Bayboro stead of Florida Power Corporation. The methanol was fired as a liquid. NOx emissions were 74% less than those from No. 2 Distillate, and CO emissions were comparable (Power 1979).In 1978 and 1979, EPRI and Southern calcium Edison Company sponsored a 523-hour test at SCEs Ellwood cypher strengthener Facility, using one half of 52 4. 4Manufacturing Process 4. 4. 1 Production of methanol from synthesis gas 12. atomic number 6 monoxide and hydrogen react over a gas to produce methanol. Today, the most widely used catalyst is a diverseness of Cu (Copper), zinc oxide, and alumina first gear used by ICI in 1966. At 510 M Pa (50100 atm) and 250 C, it can catalyze the production of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with high selectivity (>99. 8%) 13. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH..It is worth noting that the production of synthesis gas from methane produces three moles of hydrogen gas for every mole of carbon monoxide, while the methanol synthesis consumes only devil moles of hydrogen gas per mole of carbon monoxide. One way of dealing with the excess hydrogen is to inject carbon dioxide into the methanol synthesis reactor, where it, too, reacts to form methanol accord to the equation 14. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O. 15. Some chemists believe that the certain catalysts combine methanol using CO2 as an intermediary, and consuming CO only indirectly. 6. CO2 + 3 H2 CH3OH + H2O where the H2O byproduct is recycled via the gas shift reaction 17. CO + H2O CO2 + H2, 18. This gives an overall reaction, which is the same as listed above. 19. CO + 2 H2 CH3OH 4. 5Industrial Process Fig. 4 Industrial process for creating Methanol 4. 5. 1STEP-1 Feed Production 20. The two main two feed stocks, natural gas and water, both require purification before use. Na tural Gas contains low levels of sulphur compounds and undergo a desulphurization process to reduce, the sulphur levels of less than one part per million.Impurities in the water are reduced to senseless or parts per billion levels before being converted to steam and added to the process. If not removed, these impurities can result in reduced heat efficiency and significant damages to major pieces of equipment. 4. 5. 2STEP-2 Reforming 21. It is the process which transforms the methane and the steam to intermediate reactants of hydrogen, carbon-dioxide and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is also added to the feed gas stream at this stage to produce a inter sort of components in the ideal ratio to efficiently produce methanol.This process is carried out in a Reformer furnace which is modify by burning natural gas as fuel. 22. reply answer 4. 5. 3STEP-3 Methanol Synthesis 23. After removing excess heat from the reformed gas it is compressed before being sent to the methanol product ion stage in the synthesis reactor. Here the reactants are converted to methanol and disjunct out as a crude product with a composition of methanol (68%) and water (31%). Traces of byproducts are also formed. Methanol conversion is at a rate of 5% per pass hence there is a continual recycling of the un- reacted gases in to the synthesis loop. 24.Reaction 25. 4. 5. 4STEP-4 Methanol Purification 26. The 68% methanol solution is purified in two distinct go in tall distillate columns called the topping column and refining column to retort a refined product with a purity of 99% methanol classified as Grade AA refined methanol. 27. The methanol process is tested at various stages and the finished product is stored in a large secured tank age area off the plant until such time that it is ready to be delivered to customers. 4. 6How it works on a gas turbine 28. Chemical reaction involved is It reacts with water to form carbon di oxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H). 9. CH3OH + H2O = CO2 + 3H2 30. The reaction is endothermic and absorbs waste heat at close to 300oC. The system performance was predicted using in house process simulator called CAPES and entrap thermal efficiency of approx. 50% (LHV) when turbine inlet temperature is 1,100oC and compression ratio is 14. The established diagram given below illustrates its function. 31. 32. Fig. 5 Methanol fueled gas turbine process 33. 34. The performance of the gas turbine with steam reforming was recalculated using PRO/II. The same adiabatic efficiency of 87% for compressor and 90% for turbine were used.Similar value of overall thermal efficiency of approx. 50% was obtained as shown in Table-1. For reference, the performance of air change system was also investigated. In this case, thermal efficiency was in the same level as reforming but total heat transfer area is 1. 7 times of steam reforming case. Lets explain sit around making of steam reformer by PRO/II. After delineate stoichiometric data for steam reforming reaction, Gibbs reactor was used for equilibrium figuring at specified temperature. For combustor design, two combustion reactions were defined.Then two conversion reactors were attached in serial and set the conversion parameter to 1. Both reactors are defined as adiabatic. 35. Heat exchangers having phase change were split into 10 to 20 zones and flow configurations were set to true counter flow. Minimum scam orients were set to 10 to 20 oC. Pressure drop of each exchangers were set to 0. 02-0. 01 atm and overall heat transfer coefficient were set to100kcal/h C. take to the woods Scheme unit Fig-1 Fig. -2 Waste Heat Recovery Air hotness & Methanol Evap. Steam Reforming, Water crack & Methanol Evap. Turbine Inlet Temperature oC 1,100 1,100 Compression Ratio - 14 14 Methanol treasure kgmol/h 0. 133 0. 133 Stoichiometric Air Rate kgmol/h 1 1 Air Rate kgmol/h 4. 150 2. 600 Reforming Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 133 fall Water Rate kgmol/h - 0. 720 Excess Air groin Ratio - 4. 150 2. 600 Water/Air Mol Ratio - 0. 000 0. 277 Water/Methanol Mol Ratio - 0. 000 5. 414 initiative Compressor Power kW -12. 472 -7. 814 1st Turbine Power kW 24. 128 19. 750 Water Injection Pump kW - -0. 006 gain Shaft Power kW 11. 656 11. 930 Power Output kW 11. 423 11. 691Methanol Heat of Combustion (HHV) kW 47. 149 23. 574 Methanol HHV kJ/mol 638. 10 638. 10 Overall Thermal aptitude (HHV) % 48. 45 49. 59 Compressor Adiabatic Efficiency % 87 87 Turbine Adiabatic Efficiency % 90 90 source Efficiency % 98 98 Methanol Evaporator Area/Pinch lodge m2/oC 0. 140/10 0. 138/5 Methanol Reformer Area/Reaction Temp. m2/oC - 0. 201/300 Air Heater Area/Pinch Point/Max. Temp. m2/oC 2. 972/10/525 0 Water Evaporator Area/Pinch Point m2 - 1. 452/10 jibe Surface Area m2 3. 112 1. 791 Exhaust Temperature oC 335. 3 102. 5 Table 1 Methanol Fuel Gas Turbine with Steam Reforming & Water Injection or Air Heating 4. 7Feasibility 36. MW, twin engine, gas turbine generator unit supplied by Tu rbo Power and Marine dodgings, Inc. (Edison Co. 1981). The methanol was fired as a liquid. Some fuel system modifications were performed to permit the high mass and volumetric flow of methanol to achieve base load output. Some elastomers in the fuel system were replaced with materials impervious to methanol attack. The tests showed Operations on methanol are as flexible as on natural gas or distillment fuel.The ability to start, stop, accelerate, decelerate, perform automatic synchronization, and respond to control signals is equal to operations on either natural gas or distillate fuel. Turbine performance on methanol is improved over other fuels due to higher mass flow and the lower combustion temperatures resulting from methanol operations. Oxides of nitrogen emissions on them ethanol-fueled turbine, without water injection, were approximately 80% of the emissions of the distillate-fueled turbine with water injection. There was a significant reduction in particulate emissions during methanol operation.An spare reduction in oxides of nitrogen emission was obtained during operations of the methanol-fueled turbine with water injection. No significant problems occurred during the test that could be attributed to methanol. The hot end inspection indicated dry cleaner components within the methanol-fueled turbine. During 1984-1985, GE conducted methanol combustion tests of heavy-duty gas turbine combustors in a private study for Celanese Chemical Company, Inc. This work is unpublished. The tests were conducted at GEs Gas Turbine. Development Laboratory in Schenectady, N . Y.Tests were performed with an MS6001B all-out combustor representative of GE heavy-duty gas turbine combustors, and an MS7001 developmental dry low NOx combustor. Then ethanol was fired as a liquid, dry and also with water addition. A high-pressure centrifugal pump was used to supply the methanol to the combustor. The tests demonstrated that methanol fuel can be successfully burned in GE heavy-duty combustors without requiring major modifications to the combustor. NOx emissions were approximately 20% of those for the same combustor firing NO. 2 distillate at the same firing temperature.With water addition, NOx levels of 9 ppmv could be achieved. Liner metal temperatures, exit pattern factors, and dynamic pressures were not importantly affected by methanol combustion and met GE criteria for acceptable performance. The results are valid for 2000 F firing temperature machines (E-class). Additional work would be required to confirm performance with methanol fuel, elevated firing temperatures of the F series of machines. Vaporized methanol will reduce NOx 5% to 10% (relative to CH4 emissions) whereas liquid methanol will reduce NOx 30% relative to CH4 emissions.Water content in the methanol provides further NOx reduction. In 1984, a field test demonstration was performed at the University of California at Davis (California vitality Commission 1986). Methanol was fired i n a 3. 25 MW Allison 501-KB gas turbine for 1,036 hours. Low NOx emissions were observed and were further reduced by merge water with the methanol. Problems encountered with the traditional gas turbine fuel pump were bypassed by using an off-board centrifugal pump. 4. 8Advantages & Disadvantages 37. Methanol is a liquefied form of methane, a naturally-occurring gaseous hydrocarbon produced by decomposition.Currently, methane is burned as a waste gas at oil drilling platforms, coal mining sites, landfills, and sewage treatment plants. The advantage is methane, and its derivative methanol is that it is extremely plentiful drilling for oil, mining coal, and the decomposition of organic matter all produce methane already. As a hydrocarbon similar to propane and gaseous landeum, methane is a very powerful, explosive gas that can easily take the place of petroleum without marked decline in power or major retooling of existing technologies.The disadvantages of methanol is the proce ss by which methane is converted into a liquid at normal temperatures by mixing methane with natural gas and gasoline, methane is converted into methanol. But the need for gasoline does not in all wean the United States off of oil, so its alternative status is questionable. Additionally, the process to capture, store, and convert methane is prohibitively expensive compared to gasoline. 38. 4. 9Conclusion 39. Methanol is considered a superior turbine fuel, with the promise of low emissions, excellent heat rate, and high power output.The gas turbine fuel system must be modified to accommodate the higher mass and volumetric flow of methanol (relative to natural gas or distillate). The low flash point of methanol necessitates explosion proofing. The low flash point also dictates that startup be performed with a secondary fuel such as distillate or natural gas. Testing to date has been with methanol as a liquid. GE is comfortable with methanol as a liquid or vapor. GE is prepared to mak e commercial offers for new or modified gas turbines utilizing methanol fuel in liquid or vapor form based on the earlier experience.Some combustion testing may be required for modern machines applying for very low NOx permits. 5. Power Alcohol 5. 1Introduction Power Alcohol is a mixture of petroleum and ethanol in different proportions and due to these proportions different name are given to each blend like- 1. As a blend of 10 pct ethanol with 90 percent unleaded gasoline called E-10 Unleaded. 2. As a component of reformulated gasoline, both directly and/or as ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). 3. As a primary fuel with 85 parts of ethanol blended with 15 parts of unleaded gasoline called E-85. (Rex Weber 2003) When mixed with unleaded gasoline, ethanol increases octane levels, decreases exhaust emissions, and extends the supply of gasoline. Ethanol in its liquid form, called ethyl alcohol, can be used as a fuel when blended with gasoline or in its original state. Well the produ ction of ethanol fuel began way back in1907 but Ethanol use and production has increased considerably during the 1980s and 1990s not just due to the want of fossil fuels but was also due to several other factors 1.Ethanol reduces the rudes dependence on imported oil, lowering the trade dearth and ensuring a dependable source of fuel should foreign supplies be interrupted. 2. Farmers see an increased demand for grain which helps to stabilize prices. 3. The quality of the environment improves. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced, and lead and other carcinogens (cancer causing agents) are removed from gasoline. 5. 2Chemistry Glucose (a simple sugar) is created in the plant byphotosynthesis. 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + light C6H12O6+ 6 O2 Duringethanol fermentation,glucoseis decomposed into ethanol andcarbon dioxide.C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2+ heat During combustion ethanol reacts withoxygento produce carbon dioxide,water, and heat C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2+ 3 H2O + heat After doubling the combustion r eaction because two jots of ethanol are produced for each glucose molecule, and adding all three reactions together, there are equal come of each type of atom on each side of the equation, and the interlock reaction for the overall production and consumption of ethanol is just Glucose itself is not the only substance in the plant that is fermented. The simple sugar laevulosealso undergoes fermentation.Three other compounds in the plant can be fermented subsequently breaking them up byhydrolysisinto the glucose or fructose molecules that compose them. amylumandcelluloseare molecules that are strings of glucose molecules, and sucrose(ordinary table sugar) is a molecule of glucose bonded to a molecule of fructose. The energy to create fructose in the plant ultimately comes from the metabolism of glucose created by photosynthesis, and so sunlight also provides the energy generated by the fermentation of these other molecules. Ethanol may also be produced industrially fromethene(eth ylene).Addition of water to the double bond converts ethene to ethanol C2H4+ H2O CH3CH2OH This is done in the presence of an acid whichcatalyzesthe reaction, but is not consumed. The ethene is produced from petroleum bysteam cracking. 5. 3Production Ethanol can be produced by various methods but the most commonly used in todays world is by the method of fermentation and distillment of sugarcane, grains, corn etc. 5. 3. 1Ethanol from sugar cane The first stage in ethanol production is to grow a crop such as sugar cane. The sugar cane of cut down and undergoes fermentation and distillation. 5. 3. 2FermentationCrushed sugar cane in placed in fermentation tanks. Bacteria in the tanks acts on the sugar cane and in time produce a crude form of ethanol. This is then passed on to the distillation stills where it is refined to a pure form. 5. 3. 3Distillation The impure/crude ethanol is heated in a still until it vaporizes and rises into the neck where it cools and condenses back to pure l iquid ethanol. The impurities are go away behind in the still. The ethanol trickles down the condensing tube into a barrel, ready for distribution. When burned it produces fewer pollutants than traditional fuels such as petrol and diesel.Fig. 6 Distillation process of impure/crude ethanol The production of petroleum is done by the fractional distillation of crude oil. 5. 3. 4Fractional Distillation The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process calledfractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows 1. Youheatthe mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boiling points to a high temperature.Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixtureboils, forming vapor (gases) most substances go into the vapor phase. 3. Thevaporenters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increase the pass on time between the vapor and the liquids in the column andhelp to call for liquids that form at various heights in the column.There is a temperature end across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. Thevapor risesin the column. 5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, itcools. 6. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substances boiling point, it willcondenseto form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column. ). 7.The trayscollectthe various liquid fractions. 8. T he collected liquid fractions maypass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they maygo to other areas for further chemical processing Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process. The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column. On the right, you can see several chemical processors that are set forth in the next section.Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically bear upon to make other fractions. For example, only 40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline however, gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies. kinda than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil.Fig. 7 Fractional distillation of crude oil 5. 4Air pollution Compared with conventionalunleaded gasoline, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water andaldehydes. Gasoline produces 2. 44CO2equivalentkg/l and ethanol 1. 94. Since ethanol contains 2/3 of the energy per volume as gasoline, ethanol produces 19% more CO2than gasoline for the same energy. Theclean and jerk Air Actrequires the addition of aeratesto reduce carbon monoxide emissions in the United States.The elongateMTBEis currently being phased out due to ground water taint hence ethanol becomes an attractive alternative additive. one-year Fuel Ethanol Production by Country (20072011)2646566 Top 10 countries/regional blocks (Millions of U. S. liquid gallons per year) World rank Country/Region 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 1 United States 13,900 13,231 10,938 9,235 6,485 2 Brazil 5,573. 24 6,921. 54 6,577. 89 6,472. 2 5,019. 2 3 European Union 1,199. 31 1,176. 88 1,039. 52 733. 0 570. 30 4 China 554. 76 541. 55 541. 55 501. 90 486. 00 5 Thailand 435. 20 89. 80 79. 20 6 Canada 462. 3 356. 63 290. 59 237. 70 211. 30 7 India 91. 67 66. 00 52. 80 8 Colombia 83. 21 79. 30 74. 90 9 Australia 87. 2 66. 04 56. 80 26. 40 26. 40 10 Other 247. 27 Table 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by country Table 2 Annual fuel ethanol production by country World Total 22,356. 09 22,946. 87 19,534. 993 17,335. 20 13,101. 7 5. 5AdvantagesEthanol has a higher octane number (113) than regular unleaded gasoline (87) and premium unleaded gasoline (93). Complete combustion Ethanol molecules contain 35 percent oxygen, and serve as an oxygenate to raise the oxygen content of gasoline fuel. Thus, it helps gasoline burn completely and reduces the buildup of gummy deposits. Prevent overheating Ethanol burns cooler than gasoline. Fuel Type Ethanol Regular Gasoline Premier Gasoline E10 Gasohol E85 Gasohol talent Content (/Gal lons) 84,600 125,000 131,200 120,900 90,660 Table 3 Energy content of fuelsEnergy content As shown in Table 2, fuel ethanol contains around 33 percent less energy content than regular gasoline. The energy content of gasohol blends (E10 or E85) is determined by the energy content of ethanol and gasoline, and their ratio. Emissions from ethanol are about 48% of diesel it is lowest of any of the fuels. The clean burning characteristics extend turbine life, possibly by as much as 100%. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 5. 6Disadvantages Loss of power and performance Pure ethanol is over 100+ octane, and provides the fuel with much of its octane rating.Because Ethanol burns at a lower temperature than the older (MTBE) gas, boaters can expect to see a 2 to 3 % drop in RPM. Use of ethanol in the pure state or as a blend would probably require relief of any white metal or aluminum in the system as well as some elastomers. (K. K. Gupta 2010) 6. References Hydrogen diary written document G. L. Juste ( 2006) Hydrogen injection as additional fuel in gas turbine combustor. Evaluation of effects. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31 (2006) 2112 2121 K. K. Gupta a,*, A. Rehman b, R. M.Sarviya b, (2010) Bio-fuels for the gas turbine A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 29462955 P. A. Pilavachi (2000), Power generation with gas turbine systems and combined heat and power, Applied Thermal Engineering 20 (2000) 14211429 Paolo Gobbato*, Massimo Masi, Andrea Toffolo, Andrea Lazzaretto (2010) Numerical simulation of a hydrogen fuelled gas turbine combustor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36 (2011) 7993- 8002 Nils Erland L. Haugena, Christian Brunhuberb and Marie Bysveena (2012) Hydrogen fuel supply system and re-heat gas turbine.Combustion Energy Procedia 23 ( 2012 ) 151 160 Website Pyromex technical schoolnology description http//www. pyromex. com/index. php/en/pyromex-technology/technology-description Methanol & Power alcohol A particular Rep ort Burning Tomorrows Fuels, Power, S14-S15, February 1979. Test and Evaluation of Methanol in a Gas Turbine System, Southern California Edison Company, EPRI Report AP-1712, February 1981. Methanol. Clean Coal Stationary Engine Demonstration Project. Executive Summary, California Energy Commission, Report P500-86-004, February 1986. Methanol Power Generation Demonstration Test Starts for a Power Source at Peak Demand Japanese High-Technology Monitor, 5 April 1993. Ethanol blended fuels Rex Weber 2003 of Northwest Iowa Community College in cooperation with the Iowa corn whisky Promotion Board. Fuel Ethanol Zhiyou Wen, Extension Engineer, Biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech John Ignosh, Area Specialist, Northwest District, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Jactone Arogo, Extension Engineer, Biological System Engineering, Virginia Tech